This is a discussion question answer in 250 words of more – two reference , site the reference of the article as one, APA 7 format

Review “Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics: Clinical Importance Versus Statistical Significance in Research,” article attached

Provide examples of how you addressed feasibility and statistical versus clinical significance in your proposal. For example, why did you select the timeframe for your project, ( make up reason, project time was 8 weeks – pre implementation data was collected 8 weeks prior and comparison data was collected for 8 weeks).  and does that project timeframe allow you to meet the sample size you may have found in your power analysis (power analysis was 32) ? Did you select this because it was feasible? Why or why not and explain.

What is the difference between clinical and statistical significance and why are both important to the patient improvement outcomes of your project?

Peer 1

The Belmont Report was signed into law in 1974 by The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to protect human participants with principles designed to address ethical concerns in research. The principles outlined in the Belmont Report give guidelines on the ethical treatment of human study subjects (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979).

The three principles include Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice. All the principles listed are essential in ensuring human subjects are treated well during research and experiments, each vulnerable to misconduct to varying degrees. Respect for persons calls for the participants to be voluntary and provided with sufficient information regarding the research to make an informed decision while also respecting whether the person is autonomous or with diminished autonomy in need of protection. This principle will require the researcher to be aware of subjects that may be influenced or coerced to participate and who would not typically volunteer, such as prisoners. The logistics of this principle can create obstacles in that a person who would volunteer under coercion should ethically be respectfully protected instead (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979).

Question 2:

The research performed in Guatemala on unsuspecting people violated all the ethical principles of research, including Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice. Researchers have a moral duty to minimize harm to participants and maximize benefits. This experiment caused human subjects great suffering and affected the generations of participants (Polit & Beck, 2022).

Doctors injecting citizens with Syphilis without giving them a choice, informing them of the risks, and obtaining consent, morally defies the fundamental human rights of the Guatemalans who fell victim to this research study. Participants in Guatemala were most likely chosen due to their vulnerability in a developing country. Choosing participants based on class, compromised position, easy availability, or racial and ethical minorities violates the principle of justice, according to the Belmont report. Experimenting on children is another example of a moral and ethical boundary crossed by doctors in this research that caused years of pain and suffering in not just the children but all who were subjected to these unspeakable acts (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979).

Peer 2

The Belmont Report was documented in light of human subject research where human rights were violated during the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. Before this, there was not much framework regarding the ethics surrounding human research, but when the syphilis experiment became public knowledge, it brought attention to the need for foundational ethical principles and what they entailed.

The ethical principles outlined by the Belmont Report includes respect of persons, beneficence, and justice (The Belmont Report, 1978). When it comes to misconduct, I believe all ethical principles are subject to misconduct, but the most vulnerable principle is respect for persons. Respect for persons involves the person’s right to self determination and autonomy, including the right to participate in a study (Polit & Beck, 2021). The reasoning for this is often times studies are conducted based on data, which is collected from real patient information. How many of the patients that are included in these statistics have been informed of their involvement? This is especially true when records are pulled for studies with historical data.

After watching the film on syphilis in Guatemala, it was clear that many ethical principles were violated. Autonomy of the research subjects was violated because there was no consent, much less informed consent (Varkey, 2020). Beneficence, which is to act for the benefit of the patient, was violated because the complete opposite was taking place (Varkey, 2020). Instead of helping sick individuals, they were inflicting a deadly disease on seemingly healthy individuals against their will and did not explain what was happening nor be forthcoming with treatments. Maleficence was occurring, which is a violation of the ethical principles of non-maleficence, meaning to do no harm (Varkey, 2020)

Adolescents Suicide

Rubric, 2 Articles, Paper Template, and Matrix Table Template attached

Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.

Please make sure you do not duplicate articles within your group.

The paper will include the following:

Clinical Question (30 points/15%)

Describe the problem: What is the focus of your group’s work?

Significance of problem: What health outcomes result from your problem? Or what statistics document this is a problem? You may find support on websites for government or professional organizations.

Purpose of the paper: What will your paper do or describe?

***Please note that although most of these questions are the same as you addressed in paper 1, the purpose of this paper is different. You can use your paper 1 for items 1 & 2 above, including any faculty suggestions for improvement provided as feedback.

Use Evidence Matrix Table Template: Data Summary – (60 points/30%)

Categorize items in the Evidence Matrix Table, including proper intext citations and reference list entries for each article.

References (recent publication within the last 5 years)

Purpose/Hypothesis/Study Question(s)

Variables: Independent (I) and Dependent (D)

Study Design

Sample Size and Selection

Data Collection Methods

Major Findings (Evidence)

Description of Findings (60 points/30%)

Describe the data in the Evidence Matrix Table, including proper intext citations and reference list entries for each article.

Compare and contrast variables within each study.

What are the study design and procedures used in each study; qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method study, levels of confidence in each study, etc.?

Participant demographics and information.

Instruments used, including reliability and validity.

How do the research findings provide evidence to support your clinical problem, or what further evidence is needed to answer your question?

Next steps: Identify two questions that can help guide the group’s work.

Conclusion (20 points/10%)

Review major findings in a summary paragraph.

Evidence to address your clinical problem.

Make a connection back to all the included sections.

Wrap up the assignment and give the reader something to think about.

2022 Chamberlain University. All Rights Reserved

NR449_RUA_Analyzing_Published_Research_v4_JUL22 1

2021 Chamberlain University. All Rights Reserved

NR449_RUA_Analyzing_Published_Research_v3_JUL22 1

NR449 Evidence-Based Practice

RUA: Analyzing Published Research Guidelines

NR449 Evidence-Based Practice

RUA: Analyzing Published Research Guidelines

NR449 Evidence-Based Practice

RUA: Analyzing Published Research Guidelines

NR449 Evidence-Based Practice

RUA: Analyzing Published Research Guidelines

2022 Chamberlain University. All Rights Reserved

NR449_RUA_Analyzing_Published_Research_v4_JUL22 4

2021 Chamberlain University. All Rights Reserved

NR449_RUA_Analyzing_Published_Research_v3_JUL22 2

Format (30 points/15%)

Correct grammar and spelling

Include a title and reference page

Use of headings for each section:

Problem

Synthesis of the Literature

Variables

Methods

Participants

Instruments

Implications for Future Work

Conclusion

Adheres to current APA formatting and guidelines

Include at least two (2) scholarly, current (within 5 years) primary sources other than the textbook

3-4 pages in length, excluding appendices, title, and reference pages

The purpose of this paper is to interpret the two articles identified as most important to the group topic.

Course outcomes: This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.

CO 2: Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. (POs 4 and 8)

CO 4: Evaluate published nursing research for credibility and clinical significance related to evidence-based practice. (POs 4 and 8)

Due date: Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies to this assignment.

Total points possible: 200 points

Preparing the assignment

1.       Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.

2.       Please make sure you do not duplicate articles within your group.

3.       The paper will include the following:

a.       Clinical Question (30 points/15%)

1.       Describe the problem: What is the focus of your group’s work?

2.       Significance of problem: What health outcomes result from your problem? Or what statistics document this is a problem? You may find support on websites for government or professional organizations.

3.       Purpose of the paper: What will your paper do or describe?

***Please note that although most of these questions are the same as you addressed in paper 1, the purpose of this paper is different. You can use your paper 1 for items 1 & 2 above, including any faculty suggestions for improvement provided as feedback.

b.       Use Evidence Matrix Table Template: Data Summary – (60 points/30%)

Categorize items in the Evidence Matrix Table, including proper intext citations and reference list entries for each article.

1.       References (recent publication within the last 5 years)

2.       Purpose/Hypothesis/Study Question(s)

3.       Variables: Independent (I) and Dependent (D)

4.       Study Design

5.       Sample Size and Selection

6.       Data Collection Methods

7.       Major Findings (Evidence)

c.       Description of Findings (60 points/30%)

Describe the data in the Evidence Matrix Table, including proper intext citations and reference list entries for each article.

1.       Compare and contrast variables within each study.

2.       What are the study design and procedures used in each study; qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method study, levels of confidence in each study, etc.?

3.       Participant demographics and information.

4.       Instruments used, including reliability and validity.

5.       How do the research findings provide evidence to support your clinical problem, or what further evidence is needed to answer your question?

6.       Next steps: Identify two questions that can help guide the group’s work.

d.       Conclusion (20 points/10%)

Review major findings in a summary paragraph.

1.       Evidence to address your clinical problem.

2.       Make a connection back to all the included sections.

3.       Wrap up the assignment and give the reader something to think about.

e.       Format (30 points/15%)

1.       Correct grammar and spelling

2.       Include a title and reference page

3.       Use of headings for each section:

o   Problem

o   Synthesis of the Literature

–      Variables

–      Methods

–      Participants

–      Instruments

–      Implications for Future Work

4.       Conclusion

5.       Adheres to current APA formatting and guidelines

6.       Include at least two (2) scholarly, current (within 5 years) primary sources other than the textbook

7.       3-4 pages in length, excluding appendices, title, and reference pages

For writing assistance, visit the Writing Center.

Please note that your instructor may provide you with additional assessments in any form to determine that you fully understand the concepts learned.

PICOT QUESTIONS

·       P: In terminally ill adult patients

·       I: what are the ethical implications of physician-assisted euthanasia.

·       C: Comparing euthanasia to palliative care

·       O: In terms of patient autonomy and societal perception

·       T: five years

The complete PICOT question is presented: “In terminally ill adult patients, what are the ethical implications of physician-assisted euthanasia compared to palliative care in terms of patient autonomy, relief of suffering, and impact on families and healthcare providers?”

ARTICLES USED IN THE FIRST ESSAY- PLEASE USE THESE TWO ARTICLES FOR THE PAPER YOU WILL BE WRITING ABOUT.

References

Akdeniz, M., Yardımcı, B., & Kavukcu, E. (2021). Ethical Considerations at the end-of-life Care. SAGE Open Medicine, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211000918.

Pesut, B., Greig, M., Thorne, S., Storch, J., Burgess, M., Tishelman, C., Chambaere, K., & Janke, R. (2019). Nursing and euthanasia: A narrative review of the nursing ethics literature. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 096973301984512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845127.

PROFESSOR’S TEMPLATE EXAMPLE

The first paragraph after the paper title is the introduction, no heading labeled “Introduction” is used. This is a great place to utilize a scholarly resource, to emphasize why the topic is important.

Problem

This section will discuss your Clinical Question. Be sure to talk about these following rubric criteria below.

1.        Describe the problem: What is the focus of your group’s work?

2.        Significance of problem: What health outcomes result from your problem? Or what statistics document this is a problem? You may find support on websites for government or professional organizations.

3.        Purpose of the paper: What will your paper do or describe?

Evidence Matrix Table: Data Summary

Include a few lines describing what you are going to discuss here as a brief introduction. When done write a sentence telling the reader to please see Appendix A. (This is at the end after your references and is your matrix table that you will complete).

Synthesis of the Literature

This is the section for Description of Findings. Describe the data in the Matrix Table, including proper intext citations and reference list entries for each article. (Delete this information)

Variables

1.     Compare and contrast variables within each study.

Methods

2.     What are the study design and procedures used in each study; qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method study, levels of confidence in each study, etc.?

Participants

3.     Participant demographics and information.

Instruments

4.     Instruments used, including reliability and validity

Implications for Future Work

5.     How do the research findings provide evidence to support your clinical problem, or what further evidence is needed to answer your question?

6.     Next steps: Identify two questions that can help guide the group’s work.

Conclusion

Papers should end with a conclusion or summary. It should be concise and contain no new information. No matter how much space remains on the page, the references always start on a separate page (insert a page break after the conclusion so that the references will start on a new page). Review major findings in a summary paragraph.

1.         Evidence to address your clinical problem.

2.         Make a connection back to all the included sections.

3.         Wrap up the assignment and give the reader something to think about.