Identify five people or events that are important to American history. ?Your completed assignment will, therefore, include a total of 15 people or events. Provide a picture
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16.4a The Knights of Labor
Uriah Stevens founded the Knights of Labor in 1869.
Stevens wanted to “Secure to toilers a proper share of the wealth they create.”
It was a secret organization because companies locked out union workers.
Terrence Powderly was president 1879–1893.
The union supported land reform, temperance, public education, 8-hour day, abolition of child labor, and the “no strikes” policy.
Haymarket Square Bombing
A bomb of unknown origin killed several policemen and civilians.
Eight radicals were arrested, tried, and convicted of murder.
Four were hung; others jailed.
The Knights began to decline in members.
Public was convinced that unions were dangerous.
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16.4b The Rise of the AFL
Rise of the AFL—American Federation of Labor (1886)
Workers organized by craft.
Only skilled workers could join.
Samuel Gompers, the president, favored cooperation with employers.
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16.4c Labor Conflict
Some labor unions rejected violence whereas others, like the Molly Maguires, welcomed it.
Anarchists—a small, ideological group that supported acts of terrorism directed at capitalism— supported violence.
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16.4d The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
This was the first truly national strike that was replete with violence.
It paralyzed the nation’s rail system.
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16.4e The Homestead Steel Mill Strike
This centered on a dispute involving workers at Carnegie’s Homestead Still Mill near Pittsburgh.
Carnegie’s manager, Henry Clay Frick, hired Pinkerton detectives to protect scab workers.
The governor sent in 8,000 National Guard troops to reclaim the factory.
Homestead strike was a major defeat for the unions, as the workers gave in after four months and returned to work.
Pullman Strike, 1894
Two thousand federal soldiers were sent in by President Cleveland.
Eugene Debs, president of American Railway Union, was arrested.
An injunction prohibited a strike because it would interfere with interstate commerce.
Only in 1932 were such injunctions outlawed.
Most workers did not protest and accepted their lot
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16.4f Unions and the Black Worker
National labor organizations could not avoid the race issue.
The Knights of Labor accepted blacks, but the AFL had few blacks.
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16.4g Women and the “Incorporation of America”
Women responded to the economic transformation in multiple ways.
Knights accepted women, but AFL did not.
Many became socialists.
Mary Harris, “Mother” Jones, made American workers her “family.”
Emma Goldman, an anarchist, saw the Haymarket results as a travesty.
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16.5a The West
Another transformation was taking place on the western frontier with the massive migration to the West.
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16.5b The Transcontinentals
The number of railroads going west increased.
Five transcontinental railroads were constructed.
Railroads engaged in profiteering, including the Credit Mobilier Scandal.
Government aid to railroads included grants of 130 million acres.
Railroads produced public benefits: economic growth and settlement.
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16.5c Governmental Aid to Railroads
Railroads might not have been completed if not for government aid.
Railroads received more than 130 million acres of land between 1850 and 1871.
They also received grants and subsidies.
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16.5d Public Benefits
Construction of the railroads benefitted the economy.
Railroads encouraged the growth of towns and cities.
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16.5e Chinese Labor
In the three decades after the discovery of gold in California, over 200,000 Chinese immigrants came into the US.
Many took jobs on the railroads.
“Chinatowns” developed in many cities once the railroads were completed and the immigrants were out of work.
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16.5f The Mining Frontier
Each mining camp had its own laws, so camps were not always wild and violent.
The Comstock Lode was the largest silver strike in US history.
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16.5g Comstock Lode
In 1859, silver was discovered near Virginia City, Nevada.
Over the next twenty years, $300 million in silver was mined there.
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16.5h The Settlers
Cheap land drew many settlers west.
Westward migration was also fueled by an influx of immigrants.
The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres of free land to settlers.
“Sodbusters” were farmers who moved to the Great Plains.
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16.5i New Mexico
Because of the Taos Indian rebellions, New Mexico was under military rule until 1850.
The new government was corrupt and took land from Hispanic landowners.
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16.5j California
California grew rapidly following the discovery of gold.
An agricultural economy, based on large estates, grew in California’s central valleys.
California became the most productive agricultural state in the Union.
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16.5k The Ranching Frontier
The open-range cattle industry flourished for a number of years.
The work of cowboys was hazardous and lonely.
Profits from raising cattle led to overstocked ranges.
Sheepherders battled both cattle ranchers and farmers.
Trail drives, 1866–1885, ended because of freezes, drought, and closer rail connections.
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16.5l Trails of the Cattle Drive Era
Texas cattlemen needed to get their cattle to rail connections in Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Missouri.
The Chisholm Trail was the most famous trail—over 35,000 head of cattle would make it to Abilene, Kansas, via the trail
New rail lines meant that new trails would open up from Texas to the rail destinations.
Trail’s end towns were formed—towns with rail connections to Chicago, to which cattle were driven from Texas.
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16.5m The New South
The North had largely left the South to its own affairs.
The South was primarily still impoverished and heavily reliant on cotton, but it was gradually industrializing.
Southern “Redeemer” governments were just as corrupt as Reconstruction governments.
The number of railroads in the South increased.
Still, the South failed to advance economically, largely because its agriculture was stagnant.
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16.5n Blacks in the New South
African Americans continued to be subjugated.
In the 1890s, lynchings averaged almost 200 per year.
Southern states passed numerous anti-black laws.
Laws were passed that stripped African Americans of the right to vote.
Plessy v. Ferguson established the doctrine of “separate but equal” in 1896.
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16.5o The American Indians
In the late 1800s, the Plains Indians resisted white settlement on their lands.
Increased white settlement brought clashes with the Comanche, Apache, and Navaho in the Southwest—and the Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne on the Great Plains.
In 1867, Congress enacted legislation providing for the removal of all Indians to reservations.
Native Americans won far more battles than whites did, but they were consistently outnumbered.
In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed; this gave individual Native Americans land—provided they lived like white settlers.
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16.5p Last Stands and Massacres
Discovery of gold in Colorado brought in a new wave of white settlers.
New settlements pushed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians onto reservations.
At Sand Creek, Colorado, the militia massacred 133 Native Americans—more than 100 of whom were women and children.
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16.5q Little Big Horn
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, hundreds of white miners and settlers poured into the area.
The Sioux, under the leadership of Red Cloud, were camped along the Little Big Horn River.
In 1876, George Custer led US troops to the camp, where they were surprised by roughly 2,000 Native American warriors.
Custer and all of his men were killed.
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16.5r Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apaches
In the 1860s, the Apaches, led by Cochise, waged battles against US troops in New Mexico and Arizona.
Cochise’s successor, Geronimo, was less willing to assimilate than Cochise; and Geronimo rebelled against US forces from 1874-1886.
Geronimo was eventually captured in 1886 and held as a prisoner of war for several years
Neither he nor the rest of the Apaches were allowed to return to their homeland in Arizona.
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16.5s Wounded Knee </p
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Identify and explain research on effective coping mechanisms for stress. How do you believe these would help you in your everyday life? 2)Review and analyze the available Imagine a future (probably a long time from now) in which human beings have achieved environmental sustainability on a global scale. That means that we as a species have fi
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